Honors Biology Midterm Exam Answer Packet

Name:Block: Honors Biology – Mid Term Review |Characteristics of Life | | |What is the difference between stimulus and response? Stimulus: causes you to react/respond, ex: something that irritates your eyes | |Give an example of each |Response: reaction to/response to a stimulus, ex: eyes closing/blinking/squinting/tearing as a result of the | | |irritant | |Multicellular organisms have order to their parts.In|Smallest part to largest level of organization: | |increasing order of complexity the parts are |Cell, tissues, organ, organ systems | |organized in: | | |Autotrophs (producers) must be exposed to what |Sunglight!! – no sunlight means no photosynthesis | |abiotic factor in order to survive? | |Different species which live closely together and |mutualism | |help each other out exhibit a symbiotic lifestyle | | |known as__________ | | |An example of two species that exhibit the lifestyle |Clown fish and anemone | |described in the previous question are: |Bees and fl owers | |What type of reproduction involves only one parent? |Asexual reproduction | |Give three examples of the type of reproduction |Binary fission | |described in the previous question. budding | | |take one part of a plant and letting it grow into a whole new plant | |The ability to maintain constant optimum internal |homeostasis | |conditions necessary for life is the ability to | | |maintain _____ | | |Ecology/Environment | | |What combinations of birth and death rates result in |Increased BIRTH rate and decreased DEATH rate | |greatest growth rate of populations? | | |By what process/organisms is carbon removed from the |Plants/trees/autotrophs remove carbon dioxide from the air/atmosphere by photosynthesis | |atmosphere/air? | |What does a graph that shows changes in the size of |[pic] | |predator/prey populations look like? Why? | | |What is the difference between predation and |Predation: one species hunts/eats another | |competition? |Competition: two different species wa nt/need the same (third/different) species/resource | |The greenhouse effe ct is amplified due to the buildup|Carbon dioxide and methane | |of what gases? | |After a disaster, what process returns the |Ecological succession | |environment to its original condition? | | |What type of community shows great species diversity? |A climax community | |Organisms that are the first to show up in barren |Pioneer species | |environments are called ______________ species. | | |Organisms that make their own food are called (bio |Autotrophs (primary producers) | |vocabulary!! | | |Plant eaters are called ___________ |Herbivores (heterotrophs), primary consumers | |Organisms that eat plant eaters are called |Carnivores (secondary or tertiary consumers) | |________________ | | |A decrease in a predator population will cause an |Prey (source of food for the predator) | |increase in the ____________ population. | | |Foods containing proteins are broken down during |Every level ABOVE the level in whi ch the food source is found | |digestion. The atoms from those proteins will be | | |found at what levels in the food chain? | |Examples of biotic factors in an ecosystem: |Types of plants and animals | |Examples of abiotic factors in an ecosystem: |Rainfall, amount of sunlight, temperature | |In a food chain/web, the amount of energy available |Decreases (only 10% of the energy at one level is available to the next level UP the food chain/web) | |to each level (increases or decreases) as you move UP| | |the food chain/trophic levels? | | |New species can be harmful when introduced to a new |Competition – fights with another creature for limited resource | |environment for two reasons: | | | |it has no predator so grows out of control | |What is the scientific definition of â€Å"population†? Members of the same SPECIES living in an area | |Give an example of a â€Å"population† |All of the red robins in Piscataway OR all of the gray squirrels in New Jersey | |W hat happens to the amount of a poison/toxin within a|The amount of toxin/poison INCREASES as you go up a food chain/food web | |food web/food chain? | | |What is the name of the phenomenon described in the |Biological magnification | |previous question? | | |Why are invasive species often destructive to an |They have no natural predators and their numbers can grow out of control, crowding out the creatures that | |ecosystem? live there as well | |Nitrogen gas is removed from the atmosphere to make |Bacteria (nitrogen fixing bacteria) remove nitrogen from the atmosphere so that it can be used other | |it available to other living organisms by what type |organisms | |of organism? | | |What process notoriously adds lots of carbon dioxide |Use of / burning of fossil fuels (gasoline, coal) | |to the atmosphere? | | |What conditions must exist for two species to be in |They must be in direct competition for some resource, food, place to live, etc | |competition with each other? | |Scienti fic Method/Data Analysis | | |Be able to read a data table!! Be able to interpret a graph | |When designing an experiment – one test group has NO |Control | |variables changed – this is called the __________ | | |group. All other groups are called the ____________ |experimental | |groups. | |In an experiment – the factor that is changed is | | |called the _______________ variable and the factor |Independent | |that is measured /the result is the ________________ | | |variable. |Dependent | |In a data table, usually the values of the |Independent | |__________________ are in the left most column and | | |the values of the _________________ variable are in |Dependent | |the columns to the right. | |Scientific theories are developed and confirmed by |Many scientists working together | |(one scientist or many scientists working together) | | |Chemistry of Life | | |Elements in all living organisms |Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur | |Which type of organic polymer is found in the nucleus|Nucleic acids / DNA / double helix | |of cells and is shaped like a double helix? | | |Which type of organic compound helps to speed |Proteins/enzymes – if they are denatured, the rate of the reaction will slow down/decrease | |chemical reactions? | | |What is the special name for those organic molecules |enzymes | |that speed up chemical reactions? | |Organic polymers are â€Å"built† by reactions in which |Dehydration synthesis | |water is removed called _______________________ | | |reactions. | | |Which type of organic compound store LARGE amounts of|Lipids (fats) | |energy for later use by the organism? | | |The â€Å"core† of all organic compounds is what element? Carbon | |Examples of INORGANIC cmpnds: |Water (H2O), salt (NaCl) | |What pH(s) are considered acidic? |Acidic is less than 7 | |Basic/alkaline? |Basic/Alkaline is greater than 7 (up to 14) | |Neutral? |Neutral is EXACTLY 7 | |Compounds whose name ends i n â€Å"ose† are typically what|Carbohydrates (such as glucose) | |type of organic compound? | | |Which type of rganic compound is most affected by |Proteins (enzymes) | |temperature? | | |What elements found in carbs? |C, H, O | |What is the chemical formula of the building block of|C6H12O6 | |all carbs? | | |What is the general NAME of the building block of |monosaccharide | |carbohydrates? | |Triglycerides are a type of fat/lipid that is built |Glycerol and three fatty acids | |when ____________ are joined together? | | |The lower the pH the (weaker or stronger) the (acid |The lower the pH the stronger the acid | |or base). | | |Pick which words in parenthesis best completes the | | |statements. | | |Why must living organisms have enzymes? Reactions would be too slow to meet the needs of life | |Glucose is an example of what type of organic |Carbohydrate, monosaccharide | |compound (2 correct answers) | | |What is the building block of proteins? |Amino acids | |What makes one protein different from another |The number of amino acids, the types of amino acids, and the order of the amino acids | |protein? | | |Why characteristic of water makes it a unique |It is a polar molecule | |compound? | |True or False: Living organisms contain only organic |FALSE! | |compounds. | | |Why did you pick the answer you chose for the |Water makes up most of cells/living organisms and water is inorganic | |previous question? | | |In a chemical equation, often the name of a substance|An enzyme | |is written OVER the arrow in the equation. Read also Lab 2 BiologyThat | | |substance is often a(n) ___________ | | |Referring to the previous question, why isn’t that |Because it isn’t used up or changed as a result of the reaction | |substance written to the right or the left of the | | |arrow in the equation? | | |What molecule – often abbreviated with 3 letters – is|ATP | |considered the energy molecule for cells? | |The specific substances that bind to enzymes are |substrates | |called _____________ | | |Looking at a chemical equation/reaction, an enzyme |The reactants (substances to the LEFT of the arrow in the equation) | |that catalyzes the reaction â€Å"works† on | | |( the products / the reactants) | | |Protein structure is often called globular because |Folded and twisted into a three dimensional molecule | |the chain of amino acids is not straight but instead | | |is ___________________ | | |Waxes are what type of organic compound? lipids | |What substance tests for the presence of starch and |Substance used to test for starch: IODINE | |what is the positive test result? | | | |Positive test result: BLUE/BLACK color | |What substance is used to test for simple sugars |Substance used to test for starch: BENEDICT’s SOLUTION | |(glucose)? | | |What is the positive test result? Positive test result: ORANGE RED | |The enzyme that breaks down lipids |Lipase | |A hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end |Fatty acid | |is a ________________ | | |The molecule described in the previous question may |lipid | |be found in what type of organic compound? | |Two molecules with the same chemical formula but |isomers | |different structural formulas are called______ | | |Cell Structure | | |What two structures found in plant cells not found |Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts, animal cells do not | |in animal cells? | | |What are the three parts of the cell theory? Cells are the basic unit of structure AND function | | | | | |All life is made of cells | | | | | |All cells come from other cells | |Why is the job of the cell membrane? |Allows only some materials in/out – others are blocked | |Where can ribosomes be found within a cell? |Free floating in cytoplasm OR attached to the endoplasmic reticulum | |What is the function of ribosomes? |Protein synthesis (makes/builds proteins) | |Prokaryotic cells lack what structure(s)? Nuclear membrane (membrane bound nucleus), organelles surrounded by membranes (NOTE: these structures missing| | |from prokaryotic cells ARE found in eukaryotic cells) | |Where is the DNA in a prokaryotic cell found? |Floating in the cytoplasm | |What organelle stores energy from the sun in the |chloroplast | |bonds of organic compounds? | | |Which organelle releases the energy in the bonds of |mitochondria | |organic compounds by storing in a more â€Å"usable† form? | |The purpose of the water vacuole in plant cells is: |To provide a rigid structure, gives plants support | |Double membr ane organelles in which the inner |chloroplasts | |membrane is highly folded include: | | | |mitochondria | |What cell structures work together to make and |Ribosomes, ER, and golgi apparatus | |transport proteins out of the cell? | | |In what cellular structure in eukaryotic cells might |nucleus | |you find DNA? | |The animal cell structure that contains digestive |lysosome | |enzymes is called the ________________ | | |Microscopes | | |How can you â€Å"brighten† the field of view when using a|Open/adjust the diaphragm | |compound light microscope? | | |How do you calculate the â€Å"total magnification† when |Magnification of the eyepiece (ocular) times (multiplied by) the magnification of the objective lens | |using a compound light microscope? | |When you change from low to mid power on a compound |The image gets bigger. If low power is 40X and mid power is 100X, then under mid power the image will be 2. 5 | |light microscope, what happens to the image? (be |times bigger than it was under low power | |specific) | | |When you change from mid to high power on a |If mid power is 100X and high power is 400 X, the image is 4 times bigger under high power than under mid | |microscope, what happens to the image? be specific) |power | |Cell Transport | | |What process restores turgor pressure/turgidity in |OSMOSIS of WATER back INTO the cells of the wilted plants | |wilted plants? | | |With respect to concentration gradients, what is the |Passive Transport: substances move DOWN the concentration gradient | |difference between passive and active transport? | | |Active Transport: substances move UP/AGAINST the gradient | |Cytolysis/cell bursting may be the result of placing |Hypotonic (pure distilled water) | |cells animal cells into what â€Å"type† of solution? | | |Why does this happen? |Osmosis – water moves from where there is more water (outside of the cell) to where there is less water | | |(inside of the cell) | |Plasmolysis/cell shriveling happens when cells are |Hypertonic solutions (more dissolved solute/higher concentration of solute, less water/solvent) | |placed into what â€Å"type† of solution? | | |Why does this happen? Water moves by osmosis from where there is more (inside of the cell) to where there is less (outside of the | | |cell) | |What is the MAIN difference between active and |Active transport uses/needs energy (ATP) | |passive transport? |Passive transport doesn’t use/need energy from the cell | |Paramecia have a unique structure called the |Contractile vacuole | |___________ which maintains homeostasis relative to | | |osmotic pressure. | |Putting human cells into a hypotonic solution would |Cells to burst | |cause the cells to _____________. | | |If a solute cannot pass through a membrane to reach |Solvent (water) | |equilibrium, the ____________ will move in whatever | | |direction is necessary to create an equal | | |concentration of solutes on both sides of the | | |me mbrane. | |Photosynthesis | | |What are two other names for the light independent |Calvin Cycle, Carbon Fixation | |reactions of photosynthesis? | | |Specifically where do those reactions occur within |Stroma of the chloroplast | |plant cells? | | |What product of photosynthesis is easily observable |Oxygen gas | |with the naked eye? | |Referring to the previous question, what part of |The light dependent reactions | |photosynthesis makes that product? | | |As a result of photosynthesis, energy from the sun is|Chemical bonds of glucose | |transferred to/stored in ____________ | | |Colors that we see represent wavelengths of light |reflected | |that are (absorbed / reflected) by the object. | |The two products of the light reactions that are |ATP and NADPH | |needed in the dark reactions are: | | |In the light reactions, prior to chemiosmosis, |Stroma into the thylakoid | |hydrogen ions are pumped from the _____ to the _____ | | |Some plants use alternate pathways during |The light i ndependent reactions, Calvin cycle, carbon fixation | |photosynthesis. What part of photosynthesis involves | | |these alternate pathways? | | |As electrons pass down the ETC in Photosystem II, the|Photosystem I | |final electron acceptor is a molecule in ___ | |General Biology Ii Study Guide (Online Class)