Children of Alcoholics and the Fear of Conflict

Children of Alcoholics and the Fear of Conflict Addiction Alcohol Use Children of Alcoholics Print Why Children of Alcoholics Can Be Frightened of Angry People Real Experiences From Adult Children of Alcoholics By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 18, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 17, 2019 Mixmike / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Children of Alcoholics Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Alcoholics can become mean and abusive when they are drinking. Consequently, their children sometimes grow up being frightened of angry people. Even just a hint of conflict or confrontation can raise anxiety, as there is an underlying fear that the situation may escalate into rage or violence. Although having a fear of angry people is a common characteristic of adult children of alcoholics, its also a possible outcome in several developmental contexts, including children who grew up with a toxic (but not alcoholic) parent (such as those with cluster B personality disorders  like narcissistic personality disorder) and faced physical, psychological, or sexual abuse. Adult children of covert alcoholic or toxic parents often struggle deeply, as they may not even be aware of the emotional abuse and trauma they suffered. How does exposure to angry and abusive behavior as a child affect an adult childs relationships when exposed to anger in the future? Understanding the meaning behind your feelings may help you avoid maladaptive behaviors that could continue to affect you long after your childhood abuse occurred. How Children of Alcoholics May React Around Anger While being around angry and toxic people can lead to tremendous anxiety in the adult children of alcoholics, the specific ways in which this manifests can vary. Some of these behaviors may seem fairly obvious, such as an intense dislike of yelling and screaming. But others, such as being a people pleaser and fixer, are much less obvious, though no less challenging. Many adult children of alcoholics and toxic parents may not be consciously aware that they feel fearful around angry people but may resonate with some of the more defense mechanisms that children can  adopt to cope with such fear. When these behaviors go unaddressed, one significant problem is that they can actually lead people to pursue toxic relationships in the future. For example, some of the behaviors common among adult children of alcoholics can make them a magnet for abusive people and an easy target for bullies. Lets take a look at some of these behaviors that can be maladaptive when carried forward in life. A Need to Fix Things Children of alcoholics and toxic parents often feel a deep need to fix problems, even when a problem is not theirs to fix. A need to fix things can be emotionally draining and exhausting, and since we cant really fix other people, it is often futile as well. One woman described her need to fix things in this way: I have to fix it. I feel panicked if anyone is angry with me and feel like I have to fix it immediately. I put myself in victim situations or convince myself that I dont deserve help because I didnt have it as bad as other people. I feel so alone and awful all the time. Adult children of alcoholics often end up being super responsible. While some responsibility is goodâ€"such as taking responsibility for your own behaviorâ€"it becomes maladaptive when you make yourself responsible for the behavior of another. Women are affected by an alcoholic parent  in different ways than men, and may be more likely to become fixers. This is especially true in the case of the oldest daughter. The need to fix things can become so strong that many adult children report  difficulty in having fun  in their lives. It can take many years before adult children are able to step back and remind themselves that they are not responsible for fixing or repairing another persons issues. To do so, however, can be very freeing, and adult children who have worked on getting past their need to fix things often talk about how much lighter they feel. Unfortunately, toxic people are often only too happy to allow someone else to take on their problems. In other words, if a change is to happen, it needs to come from you. Intolerance of Yelling and Screaming Hearing yelling and screaming can be extremely traumatic for adult children. Many survivors of childhood abuse find that they are very sensitive to any loud or harsh conversation, whether it occurs among friends or only on a TV show. One person described it this way: I hate yelling and screaming! There was never any physical abuse toward me or my two siblings, but there was verbal abuse. My dad would both physically and mentally abuse my mom. I hated the yelling and screaming and to this day cannot handle loud talking or yelling.   Not only are these responses to screaming and yelling uncomfortable; they can lead to maladaptive behaviors and isolation. You might avoid people or situations where there is a chance of loud verbal disagreements.   Living in Constant Fear Growing up as a child of an alcoholic or other abusers can lead to a state of constant fear. Unfortunately, that fear can persist and be triggered by less serious encounters in the future.   One person described it this way: Every day was sheer terror. I was scared of what would happen when my dad came home every day. I was always sweating so much and praying that he wouldnt beat my mom or make a big scene…coming home from school and thinking about what was going to happen when my dad gets home. Is he going to be drunk, is he going to beat me up or beat up my mom? If you grew up in a similar setting, there was a reason for constant fear. Yet many adult children continue to carry this fear long after the source of the fear is gone.   Not only can this fear leave you emotionally on edge, but research suggests that our bodies keep track. Emotional stress results in the release of  stress hormones, which when persistent, can lead to physical problems as well. An Easy Target for Bullies Adult children who grew up with an alcoholic or toxic parent are often an easy target for bullies. We hear quite a bit about bullying in schools, but bullying within the family  is far too common as well. When children grow up with an abusive adult, they may experience the same type of fear with other adults or anyone in a position of authority. One person described it this way: Im such an easy target for bullies. I am very scared of angry people, authority, or any kind of conflict, am easy for bullies to walk all over as I seem to exude a scent of weak and victim that they can smell a mile off.   We hear how predators in the wild can smell fear and that same phenomenon can happen among human animals as well. If an adult child of an alcoholic appears weak or has a victim mentality, its almost like they invite those with a history of substance abuse or narcissistic traits to abuse them. Therapy or being in a support group can help tremendously with this behavior. Within the safe setting of an in-person or online support group, you can practice exhibiting confidence in their interactions with others via role-playing. Forming trusting relationships can also reinforce a healthy model of adult relationships and put you back in control. Conflict Avoidant Behavior Conflict avoidant behavior is classic among adult children of alcoholics and others who were abused as children. The conflicts remembered from childhood are so painful that people attempt to avoid any kind of conflictâ€"even the type of conflict necessary in healthy relationships. One person describes it this way: I avoid any kind of conflict. I  have no self-esteem, am unable to express emotions, have never done well in relationships. I was the one who always tried to hold things together trying to avoid any kind of conflict. While avoiding conflict may have reduced pain during childhood, it can create more pain in adulthood by making it so you tolerate any concerning behavior on the part of others rather than face it head-on. Children of alcoholics often have problems with intimacy  some of which stem from this inability to address conflict. Do Angry People Scare You? Do angry people frighten you? Do you find yourself avoiding confrontation and conflict at all costs? You may wish to take our  adult children of alcoholics screening quiz  to see if you have been affected in other ways as well by growing up as a child of an alcoholic or otherwise dysfunctional home. If you find that this fits, you may become frustrated if you talk with people who grew up in normal homes. On the other hand, you may feel perplexed at how others are able to set boundaries and handle conflict. Many adult children of alcoholics simply  dont know what normal is. Getting Help If you see yourself in any of the behaviors listed above, there is hope. Many adult children of alcoholics and toxic parents find themselves in other relationships with toxic people in the future, and the coping mechanisms for dealing with fear are often at the core of these choices. Having awareness is the first and most important step in recovering from childhood (and adulthood) abuse from parents. There are now many resources available that can help. Adult Children of Alcoholics  meetings can be priceless not only for adult children of alcoholics but adult children of toxic parents in general.  Other support groups such as Codependents Anonymous often deal with the behaviors discussed in this article. Not only do these meetings remind adult children that they are not alone, but they are excellent resources for learning more adaptive coping mechanisms for dealing with conflict and anger in others. Sometimes working with a therapist can be very helpful as well. Not all therapists are alike, and a therapist who is trained in survivors of trauma may be better equipped to help you address your past and move forward in healthy ways. Adult survivors of childhood abuse are, as a group, people who need therapy because another person needs therapy. But seeking out help can make a huge difference in your future relational success and happiness. If you believe you fit the picture we have painted here, seek out support. You will learn that many people grow beyond the abuse they experienced and the behaviors they acquired to lead very fulfilling and happy lives. How Does Parental Alcoholism Affect Kids?

Effective Professional Development Essay - 2593 Words

Effective Professional Development Effective professional development is intensive enough to allow people to develop new knowledge and skills (Cook, 1997). When entering into a professional development workshop, there are components which would allow you to believe you’re in the workplace as well as in a training environment. Professional development instructors believe that, professional development enriches teaching and improves learning for all students. It is an essential link to higher student achievement (Cook, 1997). Workshops help teachers gain support for the classroom to enable them to succeed. A classroom needs management strategies or practice with new curriculum materials (Boreen, 2000). Attending Professional†¦show more content†¦The following is an example of one school system that developed a mission statement for professional development: The mission for the Howard County Public School System is, to ensure the highest level of performance for all school system staff by providing a full range of professional development services, resources, and support to promote success for all students (Allan 2001). As teachers enter into new professional development opportunities they begin to bring the knowledge that they have received back into the classroom while while at the same time, enhancing the student experience. Educators must, however, consistently evaluate the effectiveness of professional development on job performance and student achievement (Characteristics, 1997). Courses Offered in Professional Development Professional development courses in reading and language skills, as well as math and science, have now been made mandatory for all teachers to learn new educational ideas and methods. Educators learn new ways to evaluate and teach reading skills; techniques are taught to enable children with reading disabilities to develop new strategies to make reading easier and a more enjoyable experience. Phonics are taught to help children learn different techniques in reading and language. Reading and writing are no longer seen as mechanical procedures, rather they are problem-solvingShow MoreRelatedProfessional Development Of An Effective Teacher1432 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many factors involved in the professional development of an effective teacher. Drawing on relevant literature, identify and explain four key aspects that are important for teacher development. Thinking about your own professional development, select your personal priority from these four aspects and provide justific ation for your choice. As an aspiring teacher I feel that it is extremely important to recognise that good teaching methods have a significant positive impact of how studentsRead MoreCharacteristics Of Effective Professional Development1672 Words   |  7 PagesIn this article, Characteristics of Effective Professional Development: An Examination of the Developmental Designs Character Education Classroom Management Approach in Middle Grades Schools, Hough (2011) investigated the impact of using professional development to help teachers learn and implement character education classroom management strategies. Using a longitudinal, mixed methods program evaluation, the study discusses the level of training required to see measurable outcomes in teacher practiceRead MoreCharacteristics Of Effective Professional Development Schools790 Words   |  4 Pagesneeds to be solved. The results are usually directly relevant to decision making (McMillan, 2012). Examples of articles I have read involving applied res earch were those focused on identifying the characteristics of effective Professional Development Schools or Professional Development School models. 2. Mixed-method research uses both quantitative and qualitative methods. For example, I might be involved in looking at surveys and interviews of randomly selected school counselors who had completedRead MoreReflecting on an E-learning Staff Training Event that I Witnessed for Six Years as a Participant1048 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The primary focus of this paper is to reflect on an E-learning staff development training event that I observed for the last six years as a participant. The E-learning training utilized the same method and the same material during this time. The staff development training is an annual requirement for teachers to complete before the beginning of each school year. This training was mandatory and supported the concept of safe schools. The objective of the training was highlightedRead MoreEffectiveness Of Reading Comprehension Strategies1574 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper focuses on two major concerns: the effectiveness of reading comprehension strategies and the effectiveness of professional development. 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Reading comprehensionRead MoreCase Study of the Nu Moorish International Group1609 Words   |  7 PagesThe Nu Moorish International Group Of Science and Development Mir No.10 Non-Profit Organizational Charter The Nu Moorish International Group of Science and Development Mir No.10 is here to improve the development Of humanity, we aim to educate and uplift our present condition and restore consciousness to a higher level our values consist of honesty integrity and loyalty. All of these values will be used to ascend and enhance and build confidence. Each of these values wills foundation. LeadershipRead MoreThe Benefits And Possibilities Of Coaching And Teacher Mentoring Essay1325 Words   |  6 Pagesidentification of solutions to problems through goal-making strategies †¢ Improved identification and use of resources (p. 1). Cognitive Coaching Model The first model, cognitive coaching, is an effective way to get teachers to become more self-reflective about their teaching practices and to make effective changes based on that reflection. It encourages teachers to redefine their thinking processes and critical thinking capabilities when it comes to solving problems (Mentoring, 2016, p. 1). AccordingRead MoreAt Tradewinds High School ( Ths ) We Serve Students Grades 9-121698 Words   |  7 Pagesas follows: †¢ Improve school culture †¢ Bring discipline under control †¢ Enhance the curriculum †¢ Raise expectations †¢ Reduce classroom size †¢ Establish a stable faculty and leadership team †¢ Provide teachers with professional development (to enhance teaching practices) †¢ Implement effective intervention programs (to remediate students in weakness areas As principal of TWH, I feel it is vital to keep the urgency focused on academics. It is my belief that if we set students up for challenging and engagingRead MoreThe Importance Of Human Resources Leadership : Being A District1326 Words   |  6 Pageshave access to strong professional development opportunities, not just teachers falling short of performance expectations. Teachers who are not falling short, more than likely already know how to locate professional development in order to bolster weaknesses and even are leading professional developments showcasing their strengths. As for teachers who fall short of expectations, it is imperative that administration help them to design a specific plan of professional development in order to work on

Letter From Birmingham Jail By Martin Luther King Jr. Essay

In â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, Martin Luther King Jr. wrote a response to clergymen defending his actions that placed him in a jail in Birmingham, Alabama. King did not respond to all the criticism that crossed his desk, but this time King felt he was compelled to respond. This obligation King felt was due in part to men with good will and intentions stating that his actions were â€Å"unwise and untimely† (Pg. 835). King’s purpose in writing â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was to defend the strategy of nonviolent direct action in Birmingham and to justify the process and characteristics needed to attain the goals of both nonviolent direct action and civil disobedience in a just manner. One of the main purposes of King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was to defend the strategy of NVDA in Birmingham. King defends this strategy in the beginning of the letter when he states â€Å"It is unfortunate that demonstrations are taking place in Birmingham, but it is even more unfortunate that the city’s white power structure left the Negro community with no alternative† (Pg. 836). It is even more evident that King is backing up the use of NVDA when he states â€Å"Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States† (Pg. 836). King is stating in the two quotes above that the injustice and segregation against African Americans in Birmingham at the time gave him no option but to implement the strategy of NVDA. King then defends his strategy of NVDA by clearly explainingShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr., â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†3011 Words   |  13 Pages[Date] Martin Luther king Jr., â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† Outline 1. Introduction i) Argument about â€Å"Justice and injustice† ii) Religious appeals in King’s latter iii) Paragraph fourteen of King’s latter 2. Discussion 3. Conclusion Introduction The pressure of racial segregation was reaching a boiling point in 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama. After being arrested for his part in the Birmingham Campaign, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote an open letter in responseRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr : Letter From Birmingham Jail Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pages Martin Luther King Jr: Letter from Birmingham Jail Hao Ran Hu SUNY Broome Hao Ran Hu Global History Professor St.Clair 2016 Martin Luther King Jr: Letter from Birmingham Jail One of the interesting Documents in World History is the ‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’ by Martin Luther King Jr who was born as Michael King in 1929 in Atlanta. His parents were partRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail By Martin Luther King Jr.1259 Words   |  6 PagesLetter from Birmingham Response The Letter from Birmingham jail was written on April 16th, 1963 by Martin Luther King jr. Martin was a prominent leader and protester in the fight against racism. King was put in jail for protesting in the streets without a permit and that is where he read the letter. The letter was written as response to the Letter from the Eight Clergymen. Their letter called for the end of the peaceful protests which were lead by King and his supporters. During the time the letterRead MoreThe Letter From Birmingham Jail By Martin Luther King Jr.990 Words   |  4 PagesThe Letter from Birmingham Jail by Martin Luther King Jr. is written to the injustices of the African Americans by the white man supremacy, and to address the direct actions African Americans were making to change the people’s perspective. The books that have been read in this class reflect the same injustices that Martin Luther King Jr is addressing in his letter. The main point of this letter is to address the direct actio n being taken by the African Americans and how they sacrificing everythingRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail By Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1211 Words   |  5 PagesA Letter’s Purpose In â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† by Martin Luther King Jr. writes specifically to southern clergy men but also expands to anyone who opposes the civil rights movement. He informs his audience about the purpose of the civil rights movement and its importance to black and white people in terms of living as equals in a more peaceful society. King urges the public to understand the purpose of peaceful protests and the civil rights movement. He also wants people to understand the hardshipsRead MoreLetter from Birmingham Jail, by Martin Luther King Jr. Essay938 Words   |  4 Pages Is it not ironic that Martin Luther King Jr. s, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, which testifies to his struggle for Civil Rights; not only contradicts the time Martin Luther King wrote it in, but also echoes the same sentiments of today’s moral causes and laws? . Dr. King (*) then known as Baptist minister Martin Luther King Jr. wrote the Letter to Birmingham in response to his fellow clergymen’s criticisms of him being locked up for his actions in Birmingham’s Civil Rights protest. The letter’sRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. s Letter From A Birmingham Jail1157 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† is directed towards the clergymen, although America is his audience, King had come to Birmingham to address the segregation problem in the United States. He refuses to stay silent, even though people told him to wait for the change to happen. King is a part of the Southern Christian Leadersh ip Conference that has many organizations across the South. He felt that he has a right to be in Birmingham because his organizations have connections withRead MoreEssay on Letter From Birmingham Jail, by Martin Luther King Jr.742 Words   |  3 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr. one of many great influential speakers wrote a life changing letter after being arrested for peacefully protesting African American rights. While sitting in jail Dr. King received a letter from clergymen questioning his motives and timings for being in Birmingham. In a response Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. writes a â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† vividly expressing physical and emotional purposes for his presence in Birmingham, AL. First, in the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†Read MoreMartin Luther King Jr s Letter From Birmingham Jail1004 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was written during 1963, when African Americans were fighting for black and white equality. During the civil rights movement Martin Luther King Jr fought triumphantly for African Americans and their freedom. He was often subjected to imprisonment from those who opposed the purpose of the civil rights movement. Martin Luther king Jr took a lot of time to write and document his thoughts about how his people were being treated. â€Å"Letter to Birmingham†Read MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1666 Words   |  7 PagesA Letter from Birmingham Jail was written by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on scraps of paper in response to a public statement of his efforts being seen as extreme issued by eight clergymen, while incarcerated in Birmingham. In response to the statement King makes a claim of Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† Kings claim of â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† Is supported throughout the entirety of his letter through the use of rhetoric devices such as Ethos Letter From Birmingham Jail By Martin Luther King Jr. Essay A Letter’s Purpose In â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† by Martin Luther King Jr. writes specifically to southern clergy men but also expands to anyone who opposes the civil rights movement. He informs his audience about the purpose of the civil rights movement and its importance to black and white people in terms of living as equals in a more peaceful society. King urges the public to understand the purpose of peaceful protests and the civil rights movement. He also wants people to understand the hardships in which his people face. If these arguments were taken upon, theoretically those who King is referring to would have to forget their previous prejudices which have been engrained in their minds. They must also evaluate the biases they did not realize they had in their daily lives. In a practical sense they must have enough conviction to challenge the social norms of prejudice and racism. They must be able to look at a certain credence and challenge others by proving it wrong like the stereo types which white people create of black people. Luther is addressing those who are against civil rights protests, â€Å"You deplore the demonstrations taking place in Birmingham† (page 2), this includes congressmen, religious men, and southern white people. He wants his audience to understand why peaceful protests are happening. The issue that is being faced is specifically how clergy men are condemning the civil rights movement but also includes how white people overall condemn his cause.Show MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr., â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†3011 Words   |  13 Pages[Date] Martin Luther king Jr., â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† Outline 1. Introduction i) Argument about â€Å"Justice and injustice† ii) Religious appeals in King’s latter iii) Paragraph fourteen of King’s latter 2. Discussion 3. Conclusion Introduction The pressure of racial segregation was reaching a boiling point in 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama. After being arrested for his part in the Birmingham Campaign, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote an open letter in responseRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr : Letter From Birmingham Jail Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pages Martin Luther King Jr: Letter from Birmingham Jail Hao Ran Hu SUNY Broome Hao Ran Hu Global History Professor St.Clair 2016 Martin Luther King Jr: Letter from Birmingham Jail One of the interesting Documents in World History is the ‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’ by Martin Luther King Jr who was born as Michael King in 1929 in Atlanta. His parents were partRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail By Martin Luther King Jr.1259 Words   |  6 PagesLetter from Birmingham Response The Letter from Birmingham jail was written on April 16th, 1963 by Martin Luther King jr. Martin was a prominent leader and protester in the fight against racism. King was put in jail for protesting in the streets without a permit and that is where he read the letter. The letter was written as response to the Letter from the Eight Clergymen. Their letter called for the end of the peaceful protests which were lead by King and his supporters. During the time the letterRead MoreThe Letter From Birmingham Jail By Martin Luther King Jr.990 Words   |  4 PagesThe Letter from Birmingham Jail by Martin Luther King Jr. is written to the injustices of the African Americans by the white man supremacy, and to address the direct actions African Americans were making to change the people’s perspective. The books that have been read in this class reflect the same injustices that Martin Luther King Jr is addressing in his letter. The main point of this letter is to address the direct actio n being taken by the African Americans and how they sacrificing everythingRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail By Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesIn â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, Martin Luther King Jr. wrote a response to clergymen defending his actions that placed him in a jail in Birmingham, Alabama. King did not respond to all the criticism that crossed his desk, but this time King felt he was compelled to respond. This obligation King felt was due in part to men with good will and intentions stating that his actions were â€Å"unwise and untimely† (Pg. 835). King’s purpose in writing â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was to defend the strategyRead MoreLetter from Birmingham Jail, by Martin Luther King Jr. Essay938 Words   |  4 Pages Is it not ironic that Martin Luther King Jr. s, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, which testifies to his struggle for Civil Rights; not only contradicts the time Martin Luther King wrote it in, but also echoes the same sentiments of today’s moral causes and laws? . Dr. King (*) then known as Baptist minister Martin Luther King Jr. wrote the Letter to Birmingham in response to his fellow clergymen’s criticisms of him being locked up for his actions in Birmingham’s Civil Rights protest. The letter’sRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. s Letter From A Birmingham Jail1157 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† is directed towards the clergymen, although America is his audience, King had come to Birmingham to address the segregation problem in the United States. He refuses to stay silent, even though people told him to wait for the change to happen. King is a part of the Southern Christian Leadersh ip Conference that has many organizations across the South. He felt that he has a right to be in Birmingham because his organizations have connections withRead MoreEssay on Letter From Birmingham Jail, by Martin Luther King Jr.742 Words   |  3 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr. one of many great influential speakers wrote a life changing letter after being arrested for peacefully protesting African American rights. While sitting in jail Dr. King received a letter from clergymen questioning his motives and timings for being in Birmingham. In a response Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. writes a â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† vividly expressing physical and emotional purposes for his presence in Birmingham, AL. First, in the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†Read MoreMartin Luther King Jr s Letter From Birmingham Jail1004 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was written during 1963, when African Americans were fighting for black and white equality. During the civil rights movement Martin Luther King Jr fought triumphantly for African Americans and their freedom. He was often subjected to imprisonment from those who opposed the purpose of the civil rights movement. Martin Luther king Jr took a lot of time to write and document his thoughts about how his people were being treated. â€Å"Letter to Birmingham†Read MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1666 Words   |  7 PagesA Letter from Birmingham Jail was written by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on scraps of paper in response to a public statement of his efforts being seen as extreme issued by eight clergymen, while incarcerated in Birmingham. In response to the statement King makes a claim of Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† Kings claim of â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† Is supported throughout the entirety of his letter through the use of rhetoric devices such as Ethos

Alcohol Drinking in Germany Free Essays

Alcohol has the tendency to be a cause of death for a vast number of people. The consumption of alcohol can also have a consequence on your brain which in turn makes you tremble at the same time as loosing control over all of your senses, and it can also kill parts of your brain cells. What is more is that alcohol consumption can cause your liver to depreciate and not function appropriately. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcohol Drinking in Germany or any similar topic only for you Order Now Liver transplants are not easy to take place and they rarely take place. Even if it does take place it is hard for a person with liver transplant to survive for too long. Even though it is general knowledge that alcohol consumption has the tendency to kill people, still there are millions of people who consume great amounts of alcohol on daily basis (Martina, Gert, Eckardt and Klaus, 2003). As known to all, Germany is perhaps one of the most alcohol-drinking nations from all over Europe, ranking fifth right after Luxembourg, Hungary, Czech Republic and Ireland. Only a small percent of about five percent of the people of Germany seem to call themselves as teetotalers, which are people who   completely abstain themselves from the use of alcoholic beverages, ranking it, after Luxembourg as the European nation that has the lowest percentage of people who do not drink at all. With reference According to the World Health Organization, and as has been proved by a vast number of studies, the whole of Europe is said to have the highest amount of alcohol consumption with comparison to all of the other parts of the world rating it per capita consumption as twice as high as compared with the average of the entire world. Analysis As has been mentioned before, the most prevalent problem in the whole of Germany is said to be of alcohol consumption abd dependance on it as well. This is a statement that has been verified by Peter Lang, who is basically the head of drug prevention and abuse at the German Center for Health Education (Ryan, 2006). Basically alcohol abuse is said to be the most common as well as the largest of all social problems within Germany. As is known to all, Bildunterschrift:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  dangerous and detrimental using up is without a doubt connected with a number of psychosomatic, communal and physical condition problems, and in addition has a considerable economic bang on the social order as a whole. In the words of Peter Lang, â€Å"It’s difficult to say what is causing this, because alcohol is more or less an accepted drug in a lot of circumstances, like for parties or other social occasions. If you compare Germany to countries like the US, there is drinking in public that is different and more accepted. Consuming alcohol during the day is really more accepted here in Germany,† (Ryan, 2006). How to cite Alcohol Drinking in Germany, Papers

Universal Neurosis Essays (1334 words) - Freudian Psychology

Universal Neurosis Sigmund Freud defined the goal of psychoanalysis to be to replace unconscious with conscious awareness, where his ego shall be, and through this an individual would achieve self-control and reasonable satisfaction of instincts. His fundamental ideas include psychic determinism, the power and influence of the unconscious, as opposed to the pre-conscious mind, the tripartite division into id, ego and super-ego, and of course the ideas of universal illusion and universal effects of the Oedipal Complex. The examination of the Oedipal Complex is the most essential to the understanding of Freud`s theories since he claimed that due to the resistance, repression, and transference of early sexual energies the world had developed a universal complex which did not allow for the healthy development of individual`s but lead instead to the neurosis and mass illusion of religion. For his perceivably vicious attacks on religion and his logical and yet totally undermining examination of religion and other vital social issues, Freud has been slandered and his theories criticised simply because of the away he addressed these painful issues. Through the systematic development of the theories of psychoanalysis, all stemming from one another and all tied together into a universal Oedipal Complex and religious illusion, the ideas of the tripartite human psyche and wish-fulfilment that Freud developed came under fire from critics for their controversial messages and analysis. Briefly stated, the Oedipus Complex is the preservation in the adult individual of the perceptions, strategies and scars of a conflict the individual underwent during his/her pre-school years. According to Freud, these perceptions, etc, later colour and shape the individual's future experiences. This psychological crisis results when a young child's sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex collides with the competition, rivalry and overwhelming power of the parent of the same sex. According to Freudian theory, the ghosts of this Oedipal crisis haunt us our entire lives. Psychopathology, slips of the tongue, dreams, and religious experience all were understood to be functions whose origins and energy resulted from this repressed material. In his later work, Freud interpreted the reports of his clients (reports offered under hypnosis, under verbal encouragement and suggestion, and finally, in the later work, reports given through free-associations) as revealing a universal Oedipal drama. Freud found what he took to be evidence for the universal existence of the Oedipus Complex in the testimony of patients, in his analysis of the repressed in dreams, in slips, wit, and the transference phenomenon, as well as in art, philosophy and religion. As the child develops, he/she identifies with the parent of the same sex and renounces incestual desire. This renunciation is achieved and strengthened by the formation of the super-ego, a section of the child's ego identified with the childhood image of the parents (the parental Imago) perceived in consciousness as conscience and as the ego ideal. The ego ideal is the self`s conception of how he/she wishes to be and is a substitute for the lost narcissism in childhood when I was my own ideal. When projected onto or into the world, the Imago (a word used by Freud to describe unconscious object-representations) is taken by the experience to be a veridical perception of a divine being. Throughout life, these experiences of this childhood conflict are alive and present in the unconscious of the individual. This childish, magically thinking, ever desiring, instinctually driven self is described topographically by Freud in his tripartite division of the person as the id (Latin for it). That part of the individual responsible for maintaining congress and connection with reality and mediating between the id and reality is the ego. That part of the ego, largely and usually unconscious, which bears and enforces the ego ideal, is the super-ego. An activity is ego-syntonic just in case it strengthens the ego in its function of mediating between the demands of reality, basic instinctual drives (of appetite, aggression, and sexuality), and conscience. As mediator, the ego needs to make adequate contact with both the external and internal demands involved. Thus, one of its main tasks is reality testing - making an accurate determination of the limits imposed on the organism by the external world including one's own body. Illusory beliefs are not ego-syntonic and are thus ultimately destructive if allowed to control individuals and societies, even if they should happen, e.g., by accident, to be true. Freud has an unusual definition of illusion. For Freud, although illusions are usually false, they are not false by definition. According to the definition Freud offers in his paper, The Future of an Illusion, what characterises illusions is one's

Marketing Plan for All4Skills

Marketing Plan for All4Skills Executive Summary All4Skills is a tax-exempt and non-profit making organization that provides the local community with sporting and life skill programs for youths. All4Skills offers its services to participants ranging from kindergarten, middle primary, and high school. Services provided include positive learning, life skills, and awareness programs for educating the youth on drugs and HIV/AIDS.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Marketing Plan for All4Skills specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As an organization built on the fundamentals of growing an informed set of youth who will take the community to the next stage, we pride in unlocking the potentials of the young people. To carry out this task, All4Skills intends to place itself as a premier provider of affordable sports experiences and to make these experiences available for all youths. To meet its goals, All4Skills will design a series of strategic partnership s with both governmental and non-governmental organizations with similar aspirations. Fundraising activities are our core form of outsourcing funds to navigate through our set goals. To carry out this strategy, it shall set up a Fund Foundation (FF) and formidable fund management approaches. Since its start in 2008, All4Skills has made tremendous progress in many ways. Firstly, the number of participating youths rose by 75% from 2008 to realize 2000 actively involved youths. Secondly, school progress reports indicate that youths have improved their personality and behavior. The organization has put in place mechanisms to for quality and integrity of its programs. In evaluating the impact of the program, community surveys conducted show that school deviance in schools has much reduced. Additionally, literacy levels for both school going and non-schooled children have risen in the last two years of its service. Scholarship programs because of improved talent in sports, and general ski lls have been imperative steps in achieving progress. Currently, major challenges face All4Skills and future presents overwhelming tasks. These include the influence of alternative programs, lack of adequate volunteers, constrained educational and training resources, changes in property tax policies, and facility requirements. Although the challenges are inevitable, the management board, staff, and the volunteers continue to give quality experiences to the youth in an efficient way. Situation Analysis Youths need to get access to affordable programs that benefit them socially, mentally, and spiritually. In utilizing these services, youths can gain from attributes developed afterwards. Numerous studies reveal that youth involvement in active sports positively develops them physically and mentally. Engagement in active physical activities cushions a person against diseases such as obesity and hypertension.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many studies show a significant correlation between physical fitness and reduced juvenile crimes, drug use among other defiant behaviors. Research is abundant with evidence that investment in the lives of children in a constructive way reduces the social and law administration costs. This significant evidence continues to prove the importance our activities. Market Summary U4sillks offers relevant social and team experiences to community youths in private, public, and home-schools. The experiences provide quality recreation and improvement of sporting skills, health and fitness. Furthermore, we offer programs that develop teamwork, fair play, and leadership. One of the intangible benefits accessible to its participants is gaining self-confidence and esteem (Godwin, 1998). Marketing Strategy All4Skills focuses on three basic areas in achieving success with the available resources to our program. All4Skills provides an equal opportunity for all youth to take part in the program. U4Skills provides a value-oriented and safe atmosphere in which the participating youths gain skills in sportsmanship, teamwork, and interactive life skills. A wide variety of sports experiences to develop personal confidence and self-esteem. Strategies employed to achieve our goals include program expansion through market penetration and diversification. Program expansion through market penetration The first tactic shall involve conducting aggressive school campaigns within the target area with an intention to increase the number of users benefiting from the program (Godwin, 1998). This strategy shall increase the cash reserves and assist to improve the quality. The second tactic will involve the following action plans: All4Skills shall conduct presentations in various schools to create awareness with an aim to mobilize their participation. Facilitating sports activities by awarding talented youths. Speci al needs partial sponsorship program with support from donor funds. Diversification Strategies involved will target both current and future programs to meet organizational goals. Additionally, new users shall enroll in the process to widen our target portfolio. Future programs actions adopted by All4Skills include the following:Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Marketing Plan for All4Skills specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More All4Skills shall change the existing programs to improve its quality provision to participants. All4Skills shall strategically design programs with an aim of expanding the target as well as program portfolio. increase the number of persons who benefit from the services. dropping programs that are non-beneficial Strategy planning Matrix The organization will use matrix below to formulate its strategies. Derivation of the programs depends on the target populations, risk level, and costs. Current /Existing program Future program Existing Users Expanding programs to the current or same users Providing better quality services interventions through program improvement. New Users Availing benefits to new users New forms of interventions to new users Some of the growth strategies that the organization intends to use shall include market penetration, product development, market development, and diversification (Kotler Andreasen, 2003). Partnership with other organizations is fundamental in achieving our strategic goals. Generation of strategies will follow immediately after the choice of decisions. Cost-Benefit Analysis It is a technique used to decide which alternatives are likely to yield the greatest returns on more funds investment. It is also known as cost effectiveness analysis to set up the investment activities or programs which when undertaken, would give the most service outcome (Kotler Andreasen, 2003). The program strategic growth shall expend its rese rves to give quality services and later yield more fees. The program prospects to cost the organization about $100,000 from its activities for the next one year. Cost elements relevant to this spending are from the strategic activities mentioned earlier. This process would in turn benefit our organization through extra fees to the tune of $65,000. We project that our partnerships and linkages with the external organizations and donor will generate about $105,000. The net expected benefits for the coming year are $70,000. However, the organization shall gain many non-quantifiable benefits, which include the following: increased satisfaction of its participants improved organizational or corporate reputation gained from its activities. increased participants’ self-worth and esteem Increased social competence and life skills Increased awareness of the community Increased service portfolio Forecasting for All4Skills It is a technique used for estimating future elements of a bus iness or operations. It is an important process since it gives a representative picture of how future operations of an organization to allow preliminary planning (Kotler Andreasen, 2003). All4Skills expect a hopeful future and it shall use forecasting techniques to gain insight of its future development. The success of any operation or organization depends on how efficient its management can forecast its future and design relevant strategies to discuss the likely future scenarios (McDonald Wilson, 2011).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this process, the organization shall make good use of both qualitative and quantitative approaches to forecasting. Qualitative approaches are methods used by experts to generate forecasts especially where no historical data is present (Luther, 2011). Additionally, changes in conditions affecting business operations may give such historical data obsolete and irrelevant in making future forecasts. Under this group, All4Skills shall use the approach of scenario writing as a qualitative method. On the other hand, quantitative methods are useful in establishing future elements of a business based on analysis of historical data. Scenario Writing The forecaster begins from a set of assumptions to develop realistic situations in this method. The process will benefit from a derivation of organizational scenario based on a given set of conditions (McLeish, 2010). In this process, the forecaster shall encounter many scenarios from which decision makers will select the most likely that appli es to its operations. Time series using projection of trend The technique relies on the underlying long-term patterns of observations to arrive at future values. The growth in the number of participants is a critical element that measures the progress of All4Skills since its aim is to grow a large set of skilled youth within its area of operation. Historical data show the trend in growth over time. Based on this trend, the organization can figure with some degree of certainty how the picture would be in the future (Allison Kaye, 2005) and (McDonald Wilson, 2011). Conclusion All4Skills focuses on bettering the lives of youths through training in sportsmanship, life skills, leadership, and co-operation. The program has succeeded in many ways since 2008, and records show growth of 75% in membership. The organization attributes these successes to its strategic partnerships, highly skilled staff, government support, and community involvement. Development of youths through nurturing of talent remains the driving force of our organization. Community surveys have shown that the All4Skills has positively influenced the lives of many youths both directly and indirectly. Participating youths who have remained actively involved to the program have shown positive development in respect of self-confidence, esteem and talent growth. Behavior change among these youths is clear from progress reports maintained from foster schools attended by these youths. The organization anticipates delivering quality service for participants and diversification into many related programs, to help its target population wholesomely. Our target is to improve our service delivery and increase the number of participating youths for the next activity year. Additionally, we project to expand our service portfolio through extensive marketing with an aim of increasing fees. Our core emphasis is to differentiate our services from the rest of the market players and creating appropriate public relatio ns programs. The organization uses the cost benefit analysis to measure the real outcome against the expenses. The analysis evaluates both quantifiable and non-quantifiable benefits to both the organization and the youths. Therefore, application of quantitative and qualitative techniques assists in forecasting of the future progress. References Allison, M. J., Kaye, J. (2005). Strategic planning for nonprofit organizations: a practical guide and workbook. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. Godwin, T. M. (1998). Peer Justice and Youth Empowerment: An Implementation Guide for Teen Court Programs. New York, NY: DIANE Publishing. Kotler, P., Andreasen, A. R. (2003). Strategic Marketing for Nonprofit Organizations. New York, NY: Prentice Hall. Luther, M. W. (2011). The Marketing Plan: How to Prepare and Implement It. New York, NY: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. McDonald, M., Wilson, H. (2011). Marketing Plans: How to Prepare Them, How to Use Them. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. Mc Leish, B. J. (2010). Successful Marketing Strategies for Nonprofit Organizations: Winning in the Age of the Elusive Donor. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.

Jan Matzeliger and the History of Shoe Production

Jan Matzeliger and the History of Shoe Production Jan Matzeliger was an immigrant cobbler working in a shoe factory in New England when he invented a new process that changed shoe-making forever.   Early Life Jan Matzeliger was born in in 1852  in Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana (known today as Suriname). He was a shoemaker by trade, the son of a Surinamese homemaker and a Dutch engineer. The younger Matzeliger showed an interest in mechanics and began working in his dad’s machine shop at the age of ten. Matzeliger left Guiana at age 19, joining a merchant ship. Two years later, in 1873, he settled in Philadelphia. As a dark-skinned man with little command of English, Matzeliger struggled to survive.  With the help of his tinkering ability and support from a local black church, he eked out a living and eventually began working for a cobbler. A "Lasting" Impact on Shoe-Making At this time the shoe industry in America was centered in Lynn, Massachusetts, and Matzeliger traveled there and eventually landed a job at a shoe factory operating a sole-sewing machine that was used to stitch different pieces of a shoe together. The final stage of shoemaking at this timeattaching the upper part of a shoe to the sole, a process called â€Å"lasting† was a time-consuming task that was done by hand.   Matzeliger believed that lasting could be done by machine and set about devising just how that might work. His shoe lasting machine adjusted the shoe leather upper snugly over the mold, arranged the leather under the sole and pinned it in place with nails while the sole was stitched to the leather upper. The Lasting Machine revolutionized the shoe industry. Instead of taking 15 minutes to last a shoe, a sole could be attached in one minute. The efficiency of the machine resulted in mass production- a single machine could last 700 shoes in a day, compared to 50 by a hand laster- and lower prices. Jan Matzeliger obtained a patent for his invention in 1883. Tragically, he developed tuberculosis not long after and died at the age 37. He left his stock holdings to his friends and to the First Church of Christ in Lynn, Massachusetts.